How to Cite References Using APA Style

This guide provides examples of the American Psychological Association (APA) citation style, which is used primarily in the social sciences. For additional examples, consult the most recent edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, located at the Reference Desk (REF DESK BF76.7 P83 2001).  REFERENCE LIST APA style requires that an alphabetical listing of the sources actually used and cited be placed at the end of term papers and reports. Some of the general features of APA style are: The first line of each citation begins flush left, and the second and subsequent lines are indented five spaces. (This is called a "hanging indent.") . Only initials are used for authors' first and middle names. Names are inverted: Miller, J. K Single spaces separate each element. Citations are arranged alphabetically by authors' last names; works by the same author are in alphabetical order. If the author is unknown, alphabetization is by the first word of the title.. Only the first letter of the first word of the title of books and articles is capitalized, with the exception of proper nouns. The first word of subtitles (after a colon) is also capitalized. Books The city and state in which the publisher is located are included, using United States postal codes to abbreviate states. However, the state (and/or country) is omitted for major cities and for university presses that include the name of the state. If more than one location is listed, the first is used. Book titles are italicized. No author World development report. (1989). New York: Oxford University Press. One author Perloff, R. M. (1995). The dynamics of persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Two or more authors (up to six authors) Shain, Y., & Linz, J. J. (1995). Between states: Interim governments and democratic transitions. New York: Cambridge University Press. After the 6th author, "et al." is used. (…, Smith, P. J., et al. (1997). …)     Book other than first edition Abbott, C. (1982). Colorado: A history of the Centennial State (Rev. ed.). Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press. Other abbreviations include: 1st ed., 2nd ed, etc.     Society, association, or institution as author and publisher American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Edited Book Abbott, A. A. (Ed.). (2000). Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs: Challenging myths, assessing theories, individualizing interventions. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers Press. For multiple editors, use abbreviation, Eds.     Article or chapter in an edited book Tillich, P. (1952). Being and love. In R. N. Anshen (Ed.), Moral principles in action (pp. 661-672). New York: Harper. Periodical Articles The title of the periodical is italicized, but the title of the article is not. The first letter of each word of the periodical title is capitalized (except for prepositions and articles). The volume number of the periodical is italicized. Scholarly journal that numbers pages continuously throughout the annual volume Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the typical eyewitness. American Psychologist, 48, 574-576. Scholarly journal that paginates each issue separately Turow, J. (1994). Hidden conflicts and journalistic norms: The case of self-coverage. Journal of Communication, 44 (2), 12-31. Magazine article (in contrast to an article in a scholarly journal) King, R. D. (1997, April). Should English be the law? Atlantic Monthly, 279, 55-64.     Island of trouble. (1988, March 12). The Economist, 306, 53-54. Newspaper article Schwartz, J. (1993, September 10). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. B1, B3, B5-B7. U.S. trade deficit. (1994, August 19). The Wall Street Journal (Eastern ed.), p. A1.     Encyclopedia Articles Signed article Tracy, J. D. (1993). Erasmus. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 18, pp. 489-491). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. Unsigned article Right of asylum. (1995). In Academic American Encyclopedia (Vol. 16, p. 222). Danbury, CT: Grolier. Audiovisual Materials Persons primarily responsible for the item are named; their roles are identified in parentheses after their names. The medium, placed in brackets, is supplied after the title. Media designations include [Audio recording], [CD] (for music CD), and [Motion picture] for both film and videotape. Videotape Weir, P. B. (Producer), & Harrison, B. F. (Director). (1992). Levels of consciousness [Videotape]. Boston: Filmways. Audio recording Carter, B. (Speaker). (1977). The growth of English [Audio Recording]. New York: Audio Associates. Electronic Publications APA guidelines for online sources are subject to frequent updating. For the most current information, check Electronic Reference Formats Recommended by the APA at http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html To the extent possible, information is provided as for a printed source. Information identifying the electronic source is placed at the end. Date of retrieval is included. Periods are omitted at the end of an Internet address, if that is the last element in the citation. Electronic Book Humm, M. (1997). Feminism and film. Bloomington, IN: Edinburgh University Press. Retrieved October 20, 2001 from University of Wisconsin-Parkside Library, netLibrary Web site: http://www.netlibrary.com Article from an Internet journal based on a print source (exact duplicate with same page numbers) Killingbeck, D. (2001). The role of television news in the construction of school violence as "moral panic" [Electronic Version]. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 8, 186-202. Article from an Internet journal based on a print source (format differs or page numbers are not indicated) Killingbeck, D. (2001). The role of television news in the construction of school violence as "moral panic." Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 8, 186-202. Retrieved October 30, 2001, from http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol8is3/killingbeck.html Daily newspaper article, electronic version available by search Greenhouse, S., & Lipton, E. (2001, October 30). Possible anthrax case shuts New York hospital. New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2001, from http://www.nytimes.com Article from Internet-only magazine Saletan, W. (2001, October 17). The power of negative thinking. Slate. Retrieved October 20, 2001, from http://slate.msn.com/framegame/entries/01-10-17_117527.asp Periodical article retrieved from periodical database Madukjok, J. (1999). Militarization and gender violence in South Sudan. Journal of Asian & African Studies, 34, 427-442. Retrieved October 19, 2001, from Academic Search Premier database. Document retrieved from World Wide Web site American Psychological Association. (1992, December 1). American Psychological Association Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Retrieved October 30, 2001, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code.html In-text parenthetical citations APA style requires the use of parenthetical citations within the text of a paper to document quotes, paraphrases, summaries, and other sources used. These references refer to entries on the References list at the end of the paper and take the place of footnotes or endnotes. All authors cited in the text must appear in the references list, and all authors listed must have been cited in the text. Basic form: Include author's surname (if not already mentioned in the text), and the date:     Rogers (1994) compared reaction times... A recent study of reaction times (Rogers, 1994) found...     Quotation: Author lastname, year, and page number included: Baym (1993) concludes that journalists "must speak in a voice that is both institutional and representational, hierarchical as well as relational" (p. 111).     Two authors: Use both: ... (Wellek & Warren, 1992)... Three to five authors: Include all authors the first time mentioned. In subsequent entries include the first author only, followed by et al.:     Wasserstein et al. (1994) found...     Six or more authors: As Miller et al. (2001) demonstrated… Corporate author: Use full name the first time; abbreviate later:     (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1991) ... (NIMH, 1991) No author: Punctuate the first title words as in the reference list:   …on free care ("Study finds," 1982, p.115) … ... the book College Bound Seniors (1979) … Multiple works:         Several studies (Balda, 1980; Kamil, 1988; Pepperbert & Funk, 1990) ...     Multiple works by an author in one year. Assign letters to each citation to distinguish them. (The letters must also be used in the reference list.): ...(Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c)...     Specific pages: …(Cheek and Buss, 1981, p. 332; Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3)… Secondary source citing a primary source: Include both:     Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993)... (Include Coltheart, not Seidenberg, in reference list)     World Wide Web site (but not a specific document): Provide the address (for example, http://www.apa.org) in the text. No reference entry is needed. Webpages Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude the publication information and add a retrieval statement in its place: (1) Author (2) Date (3) Title (4) Retrieval statement. Include a retrieval date if the source material is likely to change over time (Publication Manual, p. 192) Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the webpage. Retrieved from http://... Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the webpage. Retrieved from ...website: http://... Author, A., & Author, B. (Year, Month Day). Title of the webpage [Description of form]. Retrieved from http://... Snell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of heavy metal communities and white supremacy. Te Kura Kete Aronui, 1.Retrieved from http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka N.B. (n.d.)= no date. As there are no page numbers, cite the paragraph number in text.   UNPUBLISHED AND INFORMALLY PUBLISHED WORKS   Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz N.B. A personal or institutional webpage is considered an informally published work (Publication Manual, p. 212). It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval, unless webpage content is likely to be updated (e.g. a wiki) (NEW)   The fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis causes black leaf streak disease (BLSD) or black Sigatoka, the most economically important disease of bananas.  BLSD was first described during 1963 from samples collected in the Sigatoka Valley of Viti Levu, the largest island in the Republic of Fiji, and has spread since to most banana-producing regions worldwide.  This fungus is more aggressive than its close relative M. musicola, causal agent of yellow Sigatoka, which it has largely replaced during its global spread over the past 20 years.  Infection by M. fijiensis can reduce banana yields by more than 50%, and the disease is controlled only by extensive use of fungicides with up to 50 sprays per annum.  These sprays can comprise 40% of overall production costs and, globally, total more than $520 million per year.  In addition to the monetary cost, the extensive aerial application of fungicides extracts a toll on the environment and on the health of farm workers. Mycosphaerella fijiensis is a haploid, hemibiotrophic ascomycete with filamentous growth in both liquid and solid media.  It has a bipolar, heterothallic mating system and crosses can be made under laboratory conditions.  The current genetic linkage map of M. fijiensis contains 10 large and 13 smaller linkage groups with markers spaced approximately every 7.0 cM.  The mating-type locus has been sequenced recently, revealing two idiomorphs – alleles that code for different proteins – that are similar to those in other ascomycete fungi.  Annotation of the genome will be aided by 40,000 EST sequences that were generated from three in vitro libraries. This pathogen is related to another fungus with a sequenced genome, the Septoria tritici blotch pathogen of wheat, M. graminicola.  These two together represent the Mycosphaerella branch of the fungal evolutionary tree, the largest genus of plant pathogenic fungi.  Hosts for species of Mycosphaerella and related asexual genera include virtually every major crop plant in temperate, subtropical and tropical environments with a huge overall economic cost.  The genomic sequence of M. fijiensis will be valuable for comparative genomics with M. graminicola to identify the genetic factors involved in host specialization and aggressiveness, and hopefully also to find additional genes for fungicide targets that can be exploited for better control of disease epidemics. Bananas are grown in more than 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions, where they are the fourth most important food crop after rice, wheat and maize.  More than 80% of global banana production is consumed locally, providing a nutritious, staple food for millions of subsistence farmers as well as a source of income.  About 13% of the global crop is exported.  Banana leaves and stalks left over from harvesting, plus peels discarded during processing, provide a cheap source of biomass that can be fermented into ethanol for potentially economical energy production in developing countries.  Black leaf streak disease is devastating to subsistence farmers who depend on banana crops for food, and could have a negative effect on energy production from banana biomass.  The genomic sequence of M. fijiensis will be essential to unraveling the secrets of its pathogenic abilities for better control of the disease with reduced fungicide input and concomitantly higher yields of the developing world's fourth most important crop. * http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Mycfi1/Mycfi1.home.html         The Kamantigue and the Noli Philip S. Cruz The Philippine medicinal herb kamantigue, also known as garden balsam, is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia belonging to the family Balsaminaceae (Touch-me-not family). There are several different varieties in terms of the color of the flower, with pink, white, lavender and red as being the most common. To the Spaniards, who made the Philippine islands a colony from 1521-1898, the plant is known as balsamina or madama. In 1753, famous Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus gave kamantigue its formal place in plant taxonomy with the scientific name Impatiens balsamina. The genus Impatiens is the Latin word for impatient, alluding to the explosive release of seeds when its ripe seed capsule is touched. It is said that this beautiful flowering herb was already commonly cultivated in the gardens of Europe by the 18th century, probably introduced from India, China, or the Philippines. A similar temperate species from Europe also named by Linnaeus, is called the Impatiens noli-tangere or Western touch-me-not. It is commonly with yellow flowers.   Impatiens balsamina   Impatiens noli-tangere   Both the Impatiens balsamina and Impatiens noli-tangere are well known traditional medicinal plants. The former is used in Asia for a variety of ailments such as for contusion, painful inflammation, joint pains, dysmenorrhea, carbuncles, lumbago, eczema, warts, itches and snake bites, while the latter species is used in Europe as an antiseptic, diuretic, emetic, laxative and vulnerary. While interest on the medicinal value of the Western touch-me-not has mostly faded, scientific research on the modern medicinal applications of the garden balsam continues to grow. Recent studies confirm what our forefathers have known long ago - that the kamantigue has strong antimicrobial properties against certain human pathogens, such as Candida albicans andHelicobacter pylori. With little doubt, Philippine national hero Dr. Jose P. Rizal - being a medical doctor, dedicated naturalist, and a garden enthusiast - would have been familiar with the ornamental value and medicinal properties of the kamantigue. As a well travelled scholar in Europe, he too would have known of the closely related species Impatiens noli-tangere. And so the big question is… could the lowly kamantigue herb be actually the inspiration for the title of Rizal's famous book Noli Me Tangere, which helped fuel the Philippine revolution for independence against Spain? It has been said that the title of Noli me Tangere (Latin for Touch-me-Not) was inspired by the bible verse John 20:13-17 when the newly-risen Christ says to Mary Magdalene: "Touch me not, for I am not yet ascended to my Father." Another suggestion is that the book's theme originally meant "The Social Cancer," as French writer D. Blumenstihl noted that "noli me tangere" is a medical term used by ophthalmologists for cancer of the eyelids. Rizal must have surely told someone how he came about with the title of his book. Perhaps he told a close relative? a friend in Europe? a brother Freemason? a student or a gardener in Dapitan? a katipunero?  his publisher? or his fiancée Josephine Bracken? We will likely never know the truth behind this 124 year old minor detail in Philippine history which will be of  interest to Filipino botanists, herbalists, and garden hobbyist. But if indeed there is truth to botanical origin then shouldn't the kamantigue deserve to be our national flower instead of the sampaguita, which was proclaimed by American Governor-General Frank Murphy in 1934 during the Commonwealth era? As we celebrate 2011 as Dr. Jose P. Rizal's 150th birth year, we can only ponder and guess if our beloved national hero would be truly delighted seeing Luneta Park, which he knew as bagumbayan, in full bloom with the beautiful colors and meaningful symbolisms of the kamantigue.